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1.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 66(6): 895-907, Nov.-Dec. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1403246

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT High blood pressure (BP) is not restricted to adults; children and adolescents may also be affected, albeit less frequently. Aside from unfavorable environmental factors, such as obesity and sedentary life leading to early-onset essential hypertension (HT), several secondary causes must be investigated in the occasional hypertensive child/adolescent. Endocrine causes are relevant and multiple, related to the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, gonads, insulin, and others, but generally are associated with adrenal disease. This common scenario has several vital components, such as aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC), cortisol, or catecholamines, but there are also monogenic disorders involving the kidney tubule that cause inappropriate salt retention and HT that simulate adrenal disease. Finally, a blood vessel disease was recently described that may also participate in this vast spectrum of pediatric hypertensive disease. This review will shed some light on the diagnosis and management of conditions, focusing on the most prevalent adrenal (or adrenal-like) disturbances causing HT.

2.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 66(1): 77-87, Jan.-Feb. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1364306

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Adrenal steroid biosynthesis and its related pathology are constant evolving disciplines. In this paper, we review classic and current concepts of adrenal steroidogenesis, plus control mechanisms of steroid pathways, distribution of unique enzymes and cofactors, and major steroid families. We highlight the presence of a "mineralocorticoid (MC) pathway of zona fasciculata (ZF)", where most circulating corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) originate together with 18OHDOC, under ACTH control, a claim based on functional studies in normal subjects and in patients with 11β-, and 17α-hydroxylase deficiencies. We emphasize key differences between CYP11B1 (11β-hydroxylase) and CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) and the onset of a hybrid enzyme - CYP11B1/CYP11B2 -, responsible for aldosterone formation in ZF under ACTH control, in "type I familial hyperaldosteronism" (dexamethasone suppressible). In "apparent MC excess syndrome", peripheral conversion of cortisol to cortisone is impaired by lack of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, permitting free cortisol access to MC receptors resulting in severe hypertension. We discuss two novel conditions involving the synthesis of adrenal androgens: the "backdoor pathway", through which dihydrotestosterone is formed directly from androsterone, being relevant for the fetoplacental setting and sexual differentiation of male fetuses, and the rediscovery of C19 11-oxygenated steroids (11-hydroxyandrostenedione and 11-ketotestosterone), active androgens and important markers of virilization in 21-hydroxylase deficiency and polycystic ovaries syndrome. Finally, we underline two enzyme cofactor deficiencies: cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase which partially affects 21- and 17α-hydroxylation, producing a combined clinical/hormonal picture and causing typical skeletal malformations (Antley-Bixler syndrome), and PAPSS2, coupled to SULT2A1, that promotes sulfation of DHEA to DHEAS, preventing active androgens to accumulate. Its deficiency results in reduced DHEAS and elevated DHEA and androgens with virilization. Future and necessary studies will shed light on remaining issues and questions on adrenal steroidogenesis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/metabolism , Hyperaldosteronism , Steroids , Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2 , Androgens
3.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 63(2): 175-181, Mar.-Apr. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001221

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY Cushing's syndrome (CS) is an uncommon condition that leads to high morbidity and mortality. The majority of endogenous CS is caused by excessive ACTH secretion, mainly due to a pituitary tumor - the so-called Cushing's disease (CD) - followed by ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS), an extra-pituitary tumor that produces ACTH; adrenal causes of CS are even rarer. Several methods are used to differentiate the two main etiologies: specific laboratory tests and imaging procedures, and bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) for ACTH determination; however, identification of the source of ACTH overproduction is often a challenge. We report the case of a 28-year-old woman with clinical and laboratory findings consistent with ACTH-dependent CS. All tests were mostly definite, but several confounding factors provoked an extended delay in identifying the origin of ACTH secretion, prompting a worsening of her clinical condition, with difficulty controlling hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, and hypertension. During this period, clinical treatment was decisive, and measurement of morning salivary cortisol was a differential for monitoring cortisol levels. This report shows that clinical reasoning, experience and use of recent methods of nuclear medicine were decisive for the elucidation of the case.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/diagnostic imaging , Lung Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Saliva/metabolism , ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic/etiology , Hydrocortisone/blood , Petrosal Sinus Sampling , Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/complications , Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/diagnosis , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood , Diagnosis, Differential , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography , Lung Neoplasms/complications , Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
4.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 59(5): 383-390, Oct. 2015.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-764115

ABSTRACT

Until 2005, questions regarding medical treatment and diagnostic information on Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) were not systematically discussed with both the patients and their families; however, the way these patients are currently treated have been changing with time. Interventional changes in the clinical-psychotherapeutic-surgical areas of DSD determine not only different medical recommendations but also help to place the patient and the family into the decisional process of therapy. We must consider two paradigmatic periods that have influenced and transformed the clinical management framework of patients with DSD: a) The "Money era" (1955), which emphasized the role of the gonads as the diagnostic criterion, having the environment as determinant of the sex identity; and b) The Chicago Consensus (2005) phase, in which the role of genetics and molecular biology was critical for an early identification, as well as in building a proper sex identity, emphasizing ethical questions and the "stigma culture". In addition, recent data have focused on the importance of interdisciplinarity and statements on questions concerning Human Rights as key factors in treatment decision making. Despite each of these management models being able to determine specific directions and recommendations regarding the clinical handling of these patients, we verify that a composite of these several models is the clinical routine nowadays. In the present paper, we discuss these several paradigms, and pinpoint clinical differences and their unfolding regarding management of DSD patients and their families.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Consensus Development Conferences as Topic , Disorders of Sex Development/therapy , Gender Identity , Chicago , Decision Making , Disorders of Sex Development/classification , Disorders of Sex Development/psychology , Patient Care Team , Quality of Life , Sexual Development
5.
Radiol. bras ; 47(6): 333-341, Nov-Dec/2014. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-732744

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Avaliar um protocolo de espectroscopia por ressonância magnética (ERM) do próton de hidrogênio (1H) bidimensional (2D) disponível comercialmente (Siemens Medical Systems; Erlangen, Alemanha), aplicado para nódulos adrenais e diferenciação das massas (adenomas, feocromocitomas, carcinomas e metástases). Materiais e Métodos: Um total de 118 pacientes (36 homens e 82 mulheres), apresentando-se com 138 nódulos/massas adrenais, foi avaliado prospectivamente (média de idade: 57,3 ± 13,3 anos). Uma sequência de ERM-1H-PRESS-CSI (espectroscopia por resolução de ponto-imagem por desvio químico) multivoxel foi utilizada. Análise espectroscópica foi realizada da esquerda-direita, sentido crânio-caudal, usando três sequências sagitais, além de sequências axiais e coronais T2-HASTE. Os seguintes índices foram calculados: colina (Cho)/creatina (Cr), 4,0–4,3 ppm/Cr, lipídio (Lip)/Cr, Cho/Lip e lactato (Lac)/Cr. Resultados: ERM-1H-2D foi bem sucedida em 123 (89,13%) lesões. Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade encontrados para as proporções e pontos de corte avaliados foram: Cho/Cr ≥ 1,2, sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 98,2% (diferenciação de adenomas e carcinomas de feocromocitomas e metástases); 4,0–4,3 ppm/Cr ≥ 1,5, 92,3% de sensibilidade, especificidade de 96,9% (diferenciação de carcinomas e feocromocitomas de adenomas e metástases); Lac/Cr ≤ –7,449, sensibilidade de 90,9% e especificidade de 77,8% (diferenciação de feocromocitomas contra carcinomas e adenomas). Conclusão: Os dados da ERM-1H-2D foram eficazes e permitiram a diferenciação entre massas adrenais e nódulos na maioria das lesões com diâmetro > 1,0 cm. .


Objective: To evaluate a protocol for two-dimensional (2D) hydrogen proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) (Siemens Medical Systems; Erlangen, Germany) in the detection of adrenal nodules and differentiation between benign and malignant masses (adenomas, pheochromocytomas, carcinomas and metastases). Materials and Methods: A total of 118 patients (36 men; 82 women) (mean age: 57.3 ± 13.3 years) presenting with 138 adrenal nodules/masses were prospectively assessed. A multivoxel system was utilized with a 2D point-resolved spectroscopy/chemical shift imaging sequence. The following ratios were calculated: choline (Cho)/creatine (Cr), 4.0–4.3/Cr, lipid (Lip)/Cr, Cho/Lip and lactate (Lac)/Cr. Results: 2D-1H-MRS was successful in 123 (89.13%) lesions. Sensitivity and specificity values observed for the ratios and cutoff points were the following: Cho/Cr ≥ 1.2, 100% sensitivity, 98.2% specificity (differences between adenomas/pheochromocytomas and carcinomas/ metastases); 4.0–4.3 ppm/Cr ≥ 1.5, 92.3% sensitivity, 96.9% specificity (differences between carcinomas/pheochromocytomas and adenomas/metastases); Lac/Cr ≤ –7.449, 90.9% sensitivity and 77.8% specificity (differences between pheochromocytomas and carcinomas/adenomas). Conclusion: Information provided by 2D-1H-MRS were effective and allowed for the differentiation between adrenal masses and nodules in most cases of lesions with > 1.0 cm in diameter. .

6.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 58(2): 124-131, 03/2014. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-709338

ABSTRACT

Graças ao significativo avanço na conduta e no tratamento de pacientes com as diversas formas de hiperplasia adrenal congênita por deficiência de 21-hidroxilase (D21OH) durante a infância e a adolescência, essas mulheres puderam atingir a idade adulta. Dessa maneira, o manejo nessa fase tornou-se ainda mais complexo, originando novos desafios. Tanto a exposição continuada à corticoterapia (pelo uso de doses muitas vezes suprafisiológicas), quanto ao hiperandrogenismo (pelo tratamento irregular ou uso de doses insuficientes), pode causar resultados pouco favoráveis à saúde e à qualidade de vida dessas mulheres, como: osteoporose, complicações metabólicas com risco cardiovascular, prejuízos cosméticos, infertilidade e alterações psicossociais e psicossexuais. No entanto, há poucos estudos de seguimento de longo prazo nas pacientes adultas. Nessa revisão procuramos abordar alguns aspectos importantes e mesmo controversos no seguimento de mulheres adultas com D21OH, recomendando a adoção de terapia individualizada e de caráter multidisciplinar, enquanto novos estudos não proponham atitudes mais bem definidas e consensuais visando à melhora da qualidade de vida dessas mulheres.


Due to major improvements in the management and therapy of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) along childhood and adolescence, affected women are able to reach adulthood. Therefore, management throughout adult life became even more complex, leading to new challenges. Both the protracted use of corticosteroids (sometimes in supraphysiologic doses), and excess androgen (due to irregular treatment and/or inadequate dosage) may impair the quality of life and health outcomes in affected adult women, causing osteoporosis, metabolic disturbances with high cardiovascular risk, cosmetic damage, infertility, and psychosocial and psychosexual changes. However, long-term follow-up studies with 21OHD adult women are still required. In this review, we discuss some important and controversial aspects of the follow-up of adult women with 21OHD, and recommend the use of a customized multi-disciplinary therapeutic approach while further studies with these patients do not provide distinct understanding and well-defined attitudes towards better quality of life.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/drug therapy , Algorithms , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/complications , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/diagnosis , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/epidemiology , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/etiology , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/psychology , Fertility/drug effects , Guidelines as Topic , Glucocorticoids/adverse effects , Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Incidence , Quality of Life/psychology
7.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 56(8): 574-577, Nov. 2012. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-660269

ABSTRACT

Maternally-inherited diabetes with deafness (MIDD) is a rare form of monogenic diabetes that results, in most cases, from an A-to-G transition at position 3243 of mitochondrial DNA (m.3243A>G) in the mitochondrial-encoded tRNA leucine (UUA/G) gene. As the name suggests, this condition is characterized by maternally-inherited diabetes and bilateral neurosensory hearing impairment. A characteristic of mitochondrial cytopathies is the progressive multisystemic involvement with the development of more symptoms during the course of the disease. We report here the case of a patient with MIDD who developed hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(8):574-7.


O diabetes mitocondrial (MIDD) é uma forma rara de diabetes monogênico resultante, na maioria dos casos, da mutação mitocondrial A3243G. Essa condição é caracterizada por diabetes de transmissão materna e disacusia neurossensorial. Uma característica das mitocondriopatias é o envolvimento progressivo de outros órgãos ou sistemas, levando ao aparecimento de diversos sintomas durante o curso da doença. Este relato descreve o caso de um paciente com MIDD que, durante o período de acompanhamento, apresentou hipoaldosteronismo hiporreninêmico. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(8):574-7.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Deafness/genetics , /genetics , Hypoaldosteronism/genetics , Point Mutation/genetics , Pedigree
8.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 54(9): 826-832, dez. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-578364

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: (1) Characterize serum (S) and urinary (U) steroid metabolites in complete CYP17 deficiency (cCYP17D); (2) analyze the relative 17α-hydroxylase (17OH) and 17,20-lyase (17,20L) activities in vivo; and (3) comparedata from the two most prevalent mutations in Brazil. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 20 genotyped cCYP17D patients from a previously reported cohort were homozygous for W406R or R362C; 11 controls were CYP17 wild types (WT). WT and cCYP17D patients had S and U samples drawn to measure: cortisol (F), corticosterone (B), deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 18OH-B, 18OH-DOC, and 17OHP; and tetrahydro (TH)-B, THA, THDOC, THF+5α-THF, TH-cortisone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5-pregnenediol, 17OH-pregnenolone and pregnanetriol. RESULTS: Compared to WT, cCYP17D patients had marked elevations of B, DOC, 18OH-B and 18OH-DOC, whereas 17OHP, F and adrenal androgens (AA) were reduced; U steroids parallel S findings. Metabolite ratios revealed that both 17OH and 17,20L activities were impaired in cCYP17D. There were nodifferences between W406R andR362C mutations. CONCLUSIONS: cCYP17D patients show parallel overproduction/overexcretion of 17-deoxysteroids, and marked reduction of F and AA. In addition to 17OH, 17,20-L activity was also impaired in cCYP17D. W406 and R362C mutations disclose similar Sand U patterns.


OBJETIVOS: (1) Caracterizar os esteroides séricos (S) e urinários (U) na deficiência completa da CYP17 (DcCYP17); (2) analisar as atividades da 17α-hidroxilase (17OH) e 17,20-liase (17, 20 L) in vivo; e (3) comparar as duas mutações mais prevalentes no Brasil. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: 20 pacientes genotipados para a DcCYP17, de uma coorte anterior, eram homozigotos para W406R ou R362C (8 cada); 11 controles eram CYP17 wild types (WT). Amostras de S e U foram colhidas dos WT e pacientes para dosagem de: cortisol (F), corticosterona (B), deoxicorticosterona (DOC), 18-OH-B, 18OH-DOC e 17OHP; e tetraidro(TH)-B, THA, TH-DOC, THF+5α-THF, THE, androsterona, etiocolanolona, 5-pregnenediol, 17OH-pregnenolona e pregnanetriol. RESULTADOS: Comparados aos WT, os pacientes com DcCYP17 revelaram elevações acentuadas de B, DOC, 18OHB e 18OHDOC, enquanto 17OHP, F e andrógenos adrenais (AA) estavam reduzidos. Os esteroides na U acompanham os achados no S. As relações de metabólitos mostraram que as atividades de 17OH e 17,20L estavam reduzidas em pacientes com DcCYP17. Não houve diferenças entre pacientes com as mutações W406R e R362C. CONCLUSÕES: Na DcCYP17, a produção e a excreção dos 17-deoxiesteroides estão aumentadas em paralelo, em contraste com a reduzida produção/excreção de F e AA. As atividades da 17OH e 17,20-L estão diminuídas na DcCYP17. As mutações W406 e R362C apresentam achados semelhantes em S e U.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/urine , /urine , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/genetics , Androgens/urine , Case-Control Studies , Hydrocortisone/urine , Mutation/genetics , /genetics
9.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 54(8): 744-748, Nov. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-578350

ABSTRACT

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) resulting from 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disease and the second most common form of CAH in Brazil. We describe the case of a Brazilian patient with CYP17 deficiency (17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency) caused by a homozygous p.R96W mutation on exon 1 of the CYP17 gene, an unusual genotype in Brazilian patients with this form of CAH. The patient, raised as a normal female, sought medical care for lack of pubertal signs and primary amenorrhea at the age of 16 years. At evaluation, the presence of a 46,XY karyotype, hypertension and hypokalemia were observed. We emphasize the recognition of CYP17 deficiency in the differential diagnosis of cases of hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and hypertension in young patients who need specific treatment for both situations.


A hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC), em razão da deficiência de 17α-hidroxilase/17,20-liase, é uma doença autossômica recessiva rara e a segunda causa mais comum de HAC no Brasil. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente brasileiro portador da deficiência 17α-hidroxilase/17,20- liase (CYP17) em homozigose para a mutação p.R96W no éxon 1 do gene da CYP17A1, uma mutação incomum entre os casos brasileiros descritos com essa forma de HAC. Esse paciente, criado como um indivíduo normal do sexo feminino, procurou atendimento por ausência de sinais puberais e amenorreia primária aos 16 anos de idade. Durante a avaliação, constataram-se um cariótipo 46,XY e a presença de hipertensão e hipocalemia. Enfatizamos o reconhecimento da deficiência da CYP17 dentre os possíveis diagnósticos em um paciente jovem com hipogonadismo hipergonadotrófico e hipertensão, os quais necessitam de tratamento particularizado para ambas as situações.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/genetics , Hypogonadism/genetics , Mutation/genetics , /genetics , Brazil , Homozygote , Hypertension/genetics
10.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 53(9): 1112-1124, dez. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-537063

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Compreender significados e pensamentos de um grupo de pais, pacientes e médicos sobre a hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) e analisar angústias, dúvidas e ansiedades. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 21 sujeitos: 7 especialistas de cinco instituições do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), 9 familiares e 6 pacientes com HAC, seguindo padrões da pesquisa qualitativa. Neste artigo, apresentaram-se três categorias: "doença e tratamento", "dúvidas e angústias" e "relacionamentos." RESULTADOS: As principais angústias dos pais relacionam-se à indefinição sexual ao nascimento. Para pacientes, a angústia maior relaciona-se ao sentimento de solidão ao lidar com a doença e seu tratamento, enquanto médicos mostram-se inconformados com a passividade dos pais/pacientes. CONCLUSÕES: A passividade de pacientes/familiares nas consultas deve ser avaliada com cautela, pois a dinâmica do ambulatório dos hospitais-escola tem efeito neste comportamento: os médicos não conversam abertamente com os pais, enquanto estes não conversam com seus filhos, que, por sua vez, poupam os pais de mais sofrimento. Constatou-se dificuldade de comunicação entre esses vários sujeitos. Essas observações permitem sugerir que uma medida especial de atenção a esses pacientes deva ser construída.


OBJECTIVE: To understand the meanings/thoughts of a group of parents, patients and physicians regarding congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and to evaluate their anguishes, doubts and anxieties. METHODS: We selected 21 subjects: 7 pediatric endocrinologists from five Brazilian Public Health System institutions, 9 parents and 6 patients with CAH, according to the qualitative research model. Three of the studied categories are presented: "disease and treatment", "doubts and anguishes" and "relationships." RESULTS: Parents' main anguishes relate to the situation of an unnamed sex at birth. A sense of loneliness when dealing with the disease is the major anguish among patients, whereas physicians show hopelessness with the passivity parents and patients. CONCLUSIONS: The apparent submissiveness of patients/parents during consultations must be evaluated cautiously. University Hospitals outpatient clinic dynamics have a direct effect on this behavior: physicians do not talk openly with parents who in turn do not talk with their children, whereas patients chose to protect their parents from additional suffering. Thus, some miscommunication is noticeable among these subjects. These observations suggest that a special mindful measure should be built for these patients.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/psychology , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Interpersonal Relations , Parents/psychology , Anxiety/psychology , Communication , Endocrinology , Parent-Child Relations , Physician-Patient Relations , Qualitative Research , Sex Characteristics , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Young Adult
11.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 53(9): 1125-1136, dez. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-537064

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Identificar questões relacionadas à definição e redesignação sexual e à cirurgia corretiva em pacientes com hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) e compreender a inserção do psicólogo no seu atendimento. MÉTODOS: Selecionaram-se 21 sujeitos: 7 especialistas de cinco instituições do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), 9 familiares e 6 pacientes com HAC, seguindo-se padrões da pesquisa qualitativa. Neste artigo, analisaram-se três das categorias estudadas: "definição e redesignação sexual", "cirurgia e dilatação" e "psicologia". RESULTADOS: A situação de indefinição sexual é a que mais angustia os pais, enquanto a redesignação inquieta mais os médicos. A sensação de isolamento para lidar com a doença e tratamento foi comum nas pacientes; os procedimentos de dilatação foram sua principal queixa. Os médicos acham que a cirurgia deve ser feita com brevidade para evitar traumas posteriores. CONCLUSÕES: Diante de questões psicológicas complexas, chama a atenção o fato de que nem todo serviço de atendimento especializado conta com a presença de um psicólogo. Os exames de dilatação causam traumas nas pacientes. No grupo estudado, constataram-se dificuldades para lidar com as questões relacionadas à sexualidade.


OBJECTIVE: To identify relevant questions related to sex definition and re-designation and reconstructive surgery in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and to understand the role of the psychologist in providing care for these patients. METHODS: We selected 21 subjects: 7 pediatric endocrinologists from 5 Brazilian Public Health System institutions, 9 parents and 6 patients with CAH, according to a qualitative research model. In this paper, 3 of the studied categories are analyzed: "sex definition and re-designation", "reconstructive surgery/vaginal dilation", and "psychology". RESULTS: Parents' main anguish relates to the situation of an unnamed sex at birth, whereas sex re-designation was distressful to physicians. A sense of loneliness when dealing with the disease and treatment was a common anguish among patients; dilation procedures were the major complaint. In general, physicians recommend that genital reconstructive surgery be performed early on to avoid future trauma. CONCLUSIONS: In such a complex scenario, it is remarkable that not all the reference service staff have a psychologist on duty. Difficulties to deal with questions involving sexuality were evident and dilation procedures are an additional source of trauma for these patients.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Young Adult , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/psychology , Gender Identity , Plastic Surgery Procedures/psychology , Social Support , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/surgery , Endocrinology , Psychotherapy , Parents/psychology , Qualitative Research , Sex Characteristics , Young Adult
13.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(8): 1185-1190, nov. 2007. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-471733

ABSTRACT

Os incidentalomas de adrenais (IA) são tumores freqüentes em humanos. A síndrome de Cushing (SC) endógena é rara e os adenomas de adrenais são responsáveis por 10 por cento dos casos de SC. A SC subclínica ocorre em IA com dinâmica do cortisol anormal e ausência de fenótipo característico de hipercortisolismo. A prevalência média de SC subclínica em IA é de 9 por cento. Dados de pequenas séries indicam que 20 por cento dos IA desenvolvem alterações bioquímicas quando acompanhados por 10 anos. A evolução da SC subclínica parece ser benigna, raramente ocorrendo aumento da massa e evolução para a SC clinicamente manifesta. Os incidentalomas e a SC subclínica têm sido correlacionados aos componentes da síndrome metabólica, especialmente ao diabetes mellitus do tipo 2. Embora o número de pacientes avaliados ainda seja pequeno, os estudos disponíveis demonstram que o tratamento do hipercortisolismo resulta em melhor controle metabólico e da pressão arterial. Esses achados levaram alguns autores a pesquisar a presença de SC subclínica em pacientes com diagnóstico prévio de diabetes mellitus. Os estudos realizados utilizando diferentes abordagens diagnósticas mostraram que nesse grupo de pacientes a incidência de SC subclínica é maior do que na população geral.


Based on autopsy studies, adrenal masses are among the most common tumors in humans. Endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) is unusual and adrenal adenomas account for 10 percent of all cases of CS. Patients with subclinical CS (SCS) present abnormal cortisol dynamics without obvious manifestations. The prevalence of hypercortisolism in clinically inapparent adrenal masses has been reported as 9 percent. Data from several small series of patients indicate that fewer than 20 percent develop hormone overproduction when followed for up to 10 years. Follow-up of patients with subclinical CS suggests that rarely masses increase in size or progress to overt CS. Adrenal incidentalomas and subclinical CS are related to metabolic disorders, in special to type-2 diabetes. The scarce available data suggest that treatment of hypercortisolism correct the metabolic abnormalities and blood pressure. Some studies evaluating the prevalence of subclinical CS in overweight type-2 diabetes patients suggest that it is considerably higher in populations at risk than in the general population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cushing Syndrome/etiology , /complications , Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/complications , Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/therapy , Adrenocortical Adenoma/complications , Adrenocortical Adenoma/diagnosis , Adrenocortical Adenoma/therapy , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , /diagnosis , /therapy , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hydrocortisone/urine , Hypertension/diagnosis , Hypertension/therapy , Incidental Findings , Obesity/diagnosis , Risk Factors
14.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(8): 1293-1302, nov. 2007. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471745

ABSTRACT

Cushing's syndrome (CS) during pregnancy is a rare condition with fewer than 150 cases reported in the literature. Adrenal adenomas were found to be the commonest cause, followed by Cushing's disease. The gestation dramatically affects the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, resulting in increased hepatic production of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), increased levels of serum, salivary and urinary free cortisol, lack of suppression of cortisol levels after dexamethasone administration and placental production of CRH and ACTH. Moreover, a blunted response of ACTH and cortisol to exogenous CRH may also occur. Therefore, the diagnosis of CS during pregnancy is much more difficult. Misdiagnosis of CS is also common, as the syndrome may be easily confused with preeclampsia or gestational diabetes. Because CS during pregnancy is usually associated with severe maternal and fetal complications, its early diagnosis and treatment are critical. Surgery is the treatment of choice for CS in pregnancy, except perhaps in the late third trimester, with medical therapy being a second choice. There does not seem to be a rationale for supportive treatment alone.


A ocorrência de síndrome de Cushing (SC) durante a gravidez é rara, com menos de 150 casos reportados na literatura. Os adenomas adrenais parecem ser a causa mais comum seguidos da doença de Cushing. A gestação afeta de maneira dramática o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal materno resultando em aumento da produção hepática da globulina ligadora de corticosteróides (CBG), aumento dos níveis séricos, salivares e livres urinários de cortisol, falta de supressão do cortisol após administração de dexametasona e produção placentária de CRH e ACTH. Além disso, pode também ocorrer bloqueio da resposta do ACTH e do cortisol ao CRH exógeno. Assim, o diagnóstico de SC durante a gravidez torna-se muito mais difícil. A falha em diagnosticar SC é também comum, já que a síndrome pode ser facilmente confundida com pré-eclampsia ou diabetes gestacional. Uma vez que a SC de ocorrência na gravidez é usualmente associada com graves complicações materno-fetais, seu diagnóstico e tratamento precoces tornam-se críticos. A cirurgia é o tratamento de escolha para a SC na gravidez, exceto, talvez, no final do 3º trimestre, sendo o tratamento medicamentoso a segunda escolha. Não parece haver nenhum arrazoado para o tratamento de suporte isoladamente.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis , Pregnancy/metabolism , Cushing Syndrome/etiology , Cushing Syndrome/therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Diabetes, Gestational/diagnosis , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology , Pregnancy Outcome , Pre-Eclampsia/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications/etiology , Pregnancy Complications/therapy
15.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(8): 1397-1403, nov. 2007. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471757

ABSTRACT

Glucocorticoids have a major role in determining adipose tissue metabolism and distribution. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1) is a NADPH-dependent enzyme highly expressed in the liver and adipose tissue. In most intact cells and tissues it functions as a reductase (to convert inactive cortisone to active cortisol). It has been hypothesized that tissue-specific deregulation of cortisol metabolism may be involved in the complex pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and obesity. Transgenic mice overexpressing 11betaHSD1 in adipose tissue develop obesity with all features of the MS, whereas 11betaHSD1-knockout mice are protected from both. The bulk of evidences points to an overexpression and increased activity of 11betaHSD1 also in human adipose tissue. However, 11betaHSD1 seems to adjust local cortisol concentrations independently of its plasma levels. In Cushing's syndrome, 11betaHSD1 is downregulated and may not be responsible for the abdominal fat depots; it also undergoes downregulation in response to weight loss in human obesity. The nonselective 11betaHSD1 inhibitor carbenoxolone improves insulin sensitivity in humans, and selective inhibitors enhance insulin action in diabetic mice liver, thereby lowering blood glucose. Thus, 11betaHSD1 is now emerging as a modulator of energy partitioning and a promising pharmacological target to treat the MS and diabetes.


Os glicocorticóides (GC) têm papel importante na determinação do metabolismo e da distribuição do tecido adiposo. A 11beta-hidroxisteróide desidrogenase tipo 1 (11betaHSD1) é uma enzima dependente de NADPH, altamente expressa nos tecidos hepático e adiposo. Em muitas células e tecidos intactos, ela funciona como redutase (convertendo cortisona em cortisol). Postula-se que uma desregulação tecido-específica do cortisol estaria envolvida na complexa fisiopatologia da síndrome metabólica (SM) e obesidade. Ratos que super-expressam 11betaHSD1 no tecido adiposo desenvolvem obesidade e todas as características da SM, enquanto ratos knockout para 11betaHSD1 são protegidos. Evidências apontam para uma super-expressão e aumento da atividade 11betaHSD1 também no tecido adiposo humano. Entretanto, a 11betaHSD1 parece ajustar a concentração local de cortisol independente da sua concentração sérica. Na síndrome de Cushing, a expressão da 11betaHSD1 é regulada para baixo, não devendo ser a causa dos depósitos de gordura visceral; em obesos, há também regulação para baixo em resposta à perda de peso. A carbenoxolona, um inibidor não seletivo da 11betaHSD1, melhora a sensibilidade insulínica em humanos e inibidores seletivos aumentam a sensibilidade insulínica hepática e melhoram o controle glicêmico em ratos diabéticos. Assim, a 11betaHSD1 está emergindo como um modulador da compartimentalização de energia e um alvo farmacológico promissor para o tratamento da SM e do diabetes.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , /metabolism , Adipose Tissue/enzymology , Cushing Syndrome/enzymology , Obesity/enzymology , Adipocytes/enzymology , Adipocytes/metabolism , Down-Regulation , Glucocorticoids/metabolism , Hydrocortisone/metabolism , Liver/enzymology , Liver/metabolism , Metabolic Syndrome/enzymology , Mice, Transgenic/metabolism
16.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(7): 1118-1127, out. 2007. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-470076

ABSTRACT

Endogenous Cushing’s Syndrome (CS) is unusual. Patients with subclinical CS (SCS) present altered cortisol dynamics without obvious manifestations. CS occurs in 2-3 percent of obese poorly controlled diabetics. We studied 103 overweight adult outpatients with type 2 diabetes to examine for cortisol abnormalities and SCS. All collected salivary cortisol at 23:00 h and salivary and serum cortisol after a 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Patients whose results were in the upper quintile for each test (253 ng/dL, 47 ng/dL, and 1.8 mg/dL, respectively for the 23:00 h and post-DST saliva and serum cortisol) were re-investigated. Average values from the upper quintile group were 2.5-fold higher than in the remaining patients. After a confirmatory 2 mg x 2 day DST the investigation for CS was ended for 61 patients with all normal tests and 33 with only one (false) positive test. All 8 patients who had two abnormal tests had subsequent normal 24h-urinary cortisol, and 3 of them were likely to have SCS (abnormal cortisol tests and positive imaging). However, a final diagnosis could not to be confirmed by surgery or pathology. Although not confirmatory, the results of this study suggest that the prevalence of SCS is considerably higher in populations at risk than in the general population.


A síndrome de Cushing (SC) endógena é rara. Pacientes com SC subclínica (SCS) apresentam hipercortisolismo sem manifestações clínicas. SC ocorre em 2-3 por cento de diabéticos mal controlados. Estudamos 103 pacientes adultos obesos ambulatoriais com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 para avaliar alterações do cortisol e SCS. Todos coletaram cortisol salivar às 23:00 h e cortisol salivar e sérico após teste de supressão com 1 mg de dexametasona (DST). Pacientes cujos resultados de qualquer teste estavam no quintil superior (253 ng/dL, 47 ng/dL e 1,8 mg/dL, respectivamente para cortisol salivar 23:00 h e salivar e sérico pós-DST) foram reavaliados. Os valores médios desse grupo encontravam-se 2,5 vezes acima dos valores dos demais pacientes. Após um teste confirmatório com 2 mg x 2 dias DST, a investigação da SC foi encerrada para 61 pacientes com todos os testes normais e 33 com apenas um teste (falso) positivo. Todos os 8 pacientes com dois testes alterados apresentaram cortisol urinário normal, mas 3 deles mostraram maior probabilidade diagnóstica de SCS (hipercortisolismo e alterações em exames de imagem). Contudo, o diagnóstico final não pode ser confirmado por cirurgia ou patologia em nenhum deles. Embora não confirmatórios, os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a prevalência de SCS seja maior em populações de risco do que na população geral.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , /metabolism , Hydrocortisone/analysis , Obesity/metabolism , Algorithms , Circadian Rhythm , Cushing Syndrome/blood , Cushing Syndrome/urine , Dexamethasone , /blood , /urine , Glucocorticoids , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hydrocortisone/urine , Obesity/blood , Obesity/urine , Statistics, Nonparametric , Saliva/chemistry
17.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 50(6): 1082-1087, dez. 2006. graf
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS | ID: lil-439728

ABSTRACT

O exercício físico altera a homeostase, pois requer rápida mobilização de fontes metabólicas. Neste estudo, analisamos a resposta dos níveis séricos de testosterona (T) e cortisol (C) e das enzimas de desgaste muscular CK, CKMB e LDH, em 20 atletas masculinos sadios (25 a 40 anos), participantes de uma maratona (42,2 km). Coletas de sangue venoso foram feitas em 3 períodos: (i) pela manhã, 48 h antes da maratona (controle), (ii) logo após o término da corrida (final) e (iii) na manhã seguinte, 20 h após a realização da prova (recuperação). Ao final, T estava significantemente mais baixa (de 673 para 303 ng/dl) e C mais elevado (de 20,3 para 42,5 æg/dl) que no período controle. Na recuperação, ambos praticamente retornaram aos níveis basais. CK, CKMB e LDH estavam significantemente mais elevadas ao final da corrida e mais ainda na recuperação (exceto a CKMB), caracterizando o desgaste muscular. Enquanto CK e LDH apresentaram significante correlação negativa com a T (-0,412 e -0,546, respectivamente), CKMB correlacionou-se positivamente com o C (0,4521). Concluímos que a correlação inversa entre T e C, e o comportamento das enzimas CK, CKMB e LDH, permite comprovar que uma corrida de maratona causa intenso stress físico, provocando desequilíbrio hormonal e lesão celular severa.


Physical exercise alters homeostasis, as it requires prompt mobilization of metabolic sources. In this study, we measured serum testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) levels and the muscle-wastage enzymes CK, CKMB and LDH in 20 healthy male athletes (ages 25 to 40 years) in response to a marathon race (42.2 km). Venous blood samples were drawn in 3 different periods: (i) in the morning, 48 h before the competition (control), (ii) at the end of the race (end), and (iii) in the next morning, 20 h after the race (recovery). At the end, T was significantly lower (from 673 to 303 ng/dl) and C higher (from 20.3 to 42.5 æg/dl) as compared to the control period. At recovery, both were virtually identical to control levels. CK, CKMB and LDH were significantly higher at the end of the competition and even higher in the recovering period (except for CKMB), characterizing muscle wastage. CK and LDH disclosed a significant negative correlation with T (-0.412 and -0.546, respectively), whereas CKMB correlated positively with C (0.4521). We conclude that the inverse correlation observed between T and C levels, and the pattern of CK, CKMB and LDH increase, allow us to confirm that a marathon race may cause a marked physical stress, resulting in a distinct hormonal imbalance and severe cellular damage.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Enzymes/blood , Hydrocortisone/blood , Physical Endurance/physiology , Running/physiology , Testosterone/blood , Muscle Fatigue/physiology , Muscles/enzymology , Rest , Stress, Physiological
19.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 50(2): 281-290, abr. 2006. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-435155

ABSTRACT

A Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos (SOP) afeta de 6 a 10 por cento das mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Resistência à insulina e hiperinsulinemia estão presentes em praticamente todas as pacientes com SOP e desempenham papel central no desenvolvimento tanto do hiperandrogenismo como da síndrome metabólica (SM). SM ocorre em aproximadamente 43 por cento das pacientes com SOP, elevando em até sete vezes o risco de doença cardiovascular nestas pacientes. Vários marcadores séricos, funcionais e estruturais de disfunção endotelial e de aterosclerose subclínica foram descritos em pacientes com SOP, mesmo nas jovens e não-obesas. Entretanto, embora a SOP afete adversamente o perfil cardiovascular, estudos a longo prazo não demonstraram consistentemente aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular, a qual parece ser mais observada no período da pós-menopausa. Recentemente, os anticoncepcionais orais estão sendo substituídos pelos agentes sensibilizadores de insulina (metformina e glitazonas) no tratamento da SOP, devido aos seus efeitos sobre a resistência à insulina e o risco cardiovascular.


The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects 6 to 10 percent of women of childbearing age. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are present in nearly all PCOS patients and play a central role in the development of both hyperandrogenism and metabolic syndrome (MS). MS occurs in approximately 43 percent of PCOS patients, raising the cardiovascular risk to up seven fold in these patients. Several serum, functional and structural markers of endothelial dysfunction and subclinical atherosclerosis were described in PCOS patients, even those young and non-obese. However, despite the fact that PCOS adversely affects the cardiovascular profile, long-term studies did not demonstrate a consistent raise in cardiovascular mortality, which seems to be more observed in the post-menopausal period. Recently, oral contraceptives are being substituted for insulin sensitizing agents (metformin and glitazones) in the PCOS treatment, due to their effects on insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/complications , Atherosclerosis/etiology , Hyperandrogenism/etiology , Inflammation , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/therapy , Risk Factors
20.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 49(5): 613-614, out. 2005.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-419963
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